This thread actually made me sign up to the forum. Looks great to me, though a haven't read all the posts yet.
At the moment, I have around a dozen SLR cameras from the 1960's / 1970's in my drawer and would really love to test their shutter speeds.
When browsing other forums on this topic, what puzzled me most is the discussion of whether it's needed to have a dual sensor or a single sensor device for our measurement.
In my understanding, once we have a light source that's close enough to an ideal point source aiming at our receiver we should do fine with only one emitter & receiver and achieve valid results.
Am I missing the point? I'm here to learn and discuss, so please correct me if I'm wrong.
Hi Simplex,
I'm Sure icracer will also have some input, as he has studied this subject as well.
Simply put, no a single sensor will not work.
Most home-brew or DIY shutter testers found on t'interweb and quite possibly ones available for purchase, whether they have one or two sensors will also be inaccurate at higher speeds.
Visit youtube for slow motion shutter videos. You will then see how a focal plane shutter works.
The shutter actually always operates at the same speed. There are two curtains. The first opens, travelling right to left (viewed from behind) and then the second curtain closes, travelling right to left.
When cocking the shutter, the two curtains are wound back to the start position.
Now the magic. The second curtain is released at a different time, depending on 'shutter speed'. For example at flash sync speed, the first curtain will fully open before the second curtain starts to close. The entire negative is exposed to light.
At the next higher speed, the second curtain is released when the first curtain is half-way open. So only half of the negative is exposed to light. As both curtains continue their travel right to left, it exposes the rest of the negative.
At the next higher speed, the second curtain will start to close when the first has travelled 1/4 of the way. At the next higher speed 1/8 and so forth.
So what the shutter is actually doing, is making a narrower and narrower slit between the two curtains, as the 'speed' increases. The curtains always travel at the same speed. It is the different widths that change the exposure.
The slit width must be constant, to give even exposure across the frame. If it gets wider or narrower as it travels, it will give more or less exposure to that part of the film.
So, what does all of this mean?
Simply put, a single sensor will not be able to measure the exposure difference across the frame. It may be ok at one end of the travel, but not at the other. A shutter curtain mech gummed up with solid grease would cause a slow start, for example, causing over-exposure at the start, but be ok once it is moving, so exposure maybe ok at the other end. Worn springs may also cause a curtain to slow down towards the end of travel, again creating exposure imbalance.
Many service manuals specify the travel time each curtain should take. If this is correct, exposure will be correct. This cannot be measured with one sensor (imagine trying to time a 100 metre runner by starting the stopwatch at the start, but not at the end)
Now you would think this enough, but no....
We are trying to measure a photon's width. However, light sensors are far wider. Sensors may start timing when they see the first chink of light on one edge, but not stop seeing it until the light has passed over the sensor and is now at the far edge. So we have measured the time the slit in the curtain has passed the sensor AND the time it took to move over the whole measuring window of the sensor.
Why does this matter?
Well remember the slit width getting smaller with each increase in shutter 'speed'?
A camera with a flash sync of 1/30s will fully open the shutter at 1/30s. So a slit of 36mm wide.
at 1/60s the second curtain will start to close when the first curtain has only travelled half way, a slit of 18mm.
At 1/125s (actually it is 1/120s) second curtain will start to close when the first curtain has travelled a quarter of the way, 9mm.
At 1/250 (1/240s), it will be 4.5mm.
At 1/500s (1/480s) 2.25mm.
As both sensor width and slit width is measured, at 1/30s, the ratio (assuming a 1mm sensor window) is 1:30
at 1/500s the ratio is 1:2
So, the ratio is insignificant at low @speed' one gets 1/30th of the shutter 'speed' added, but
at 1/500s we see we get 1/2 added, or 50% inaccurate speed measurement.
Yikes -
So what do we do? (build my shutter tester it works

)
We could use a mask in front of the sensor with a pin-hole and a very strong light. A mask does help, but we get diffraction at small values. It is also a right pain to align.
We could use multiple sensors to take readings during the shutter test & use some maths to sort it all out.
Or, use both

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The sensors I specify have a lens and a narrow light acceptance angle (assuming ambient light is not too strong) so that sorts the mask. A physical mask can be assed, with a hole diameter of 1mm. I use this in the film-gate mounted sensor box.
Next is the maths. My tester takes twelve separate measurements during the shutter test. It then uses these to compute the sensor-width:slit-width. From this, a computed shutter 'speed' can be given.
Even with my method, it is not fool-proof. It is assumed the curtain moves linearly. The curtain has to start from zero and accelerate up and then at the other end, it maybe slowing down due to worn or mal-adjusted springs, or still accelerating. The second curtain may do the same, or the exact opposite!
My code has numerous error-checks to look for sticky & slow curtains, shutter bounce etc, to warn the user. It is pretty obvious when looking at the readout, if the shutter mech is really out of alignment. Once the shutter mech is adjusted & starts coming into spec, the readings will give the correct results.